Socrates, the Greek philosopher of Athens, was the son of Sophroniscus, a sculptor. It is said that in early life he practiced his father's art. In middle life he married Xanthippe, who is legendary as a shrew, although the stories have little basis In ascertainable fact. It is not certain who were Socrates's teachers in philosophy, but he seems to have been acquainted with the doctrines of Parmenides, Heraclitus, Anaxagores, and the atomists. He was widely known for his intellectual powers even before he was 40, when, according to Plato's report of Socrates's speech in the "Apology", the oracle at Delphi pronounced him the wisest man in Greece. In that speech Socrates maintained that he was puzzled by this acclaim until he discovered that, while others professed knowledge without realizing their ignorance, he at least was aware of his own ignorance.

Socrates became convinced that his calling was to search for wisdom about right conduct by which he might guide the intellectual and moral improvement of the Athenians. Neglecting his own affairs, he spent his time discussing virtue, justice, and piety wherever his fellow citizens congregated. Some felt that he also neglected public duty, for he never sought public office, although he was famous for his courage in the military campaigns in which he served. In his self-appointed task as gadfly to the Athenians, Socrates made numerous enemies.

Aristophanes burlesqued Socrates in his play "The Clouds" and attributed to him some of the faults of the Sophists (professional teachers of rhetoric). Although Socrates in fact baited the Sophists, his other critics seem to have held a view similar to that of Aristophanes. In 399 he was brought to trial for corrupting youth and for religious heresies. Obscure political issues surrounded the trial, but it seems that Socrates was trialed also for being the friend and teacher of Alcibiades and Critias, both of whom had betrayed Athens. The trial and death of Socrates, who was given poison hemlock to drink, are described with great dramatic power in the "Apology", the "Crito", and the "Phaedo" of Plato.

Socrates's contributions to philosophy were a new method of approaching knowledge, a conception of the soul as the seat both of normal waking consciousness and of moral character, and a sense of the universe as purposively mind-ordered. His method, called dialectic, consisted in examining statements by pursuing their implications, on the assumption that if a statement were true it could not lead to false consequences. The method may have been suggested by Zeno of Flea, but Socrates refined it and applied it to ethical problems.

His doctrine of the soul led him to the belief that all virtues converge into one, which is the good, or knowledge of one's true self and purposes through the course of a lifetime. Knowledge in turn depends on the nature or essence of things as they really are, for the underlying forms of things are more real than their experienced exemplifications. This conception leads to a teleological view of the world that all the forms participate in and lead to the highest form, the form. of the good. Plato later elaborated this doctrine as central to his own philosophy. Socrates's view is often described as holding virtue and knowledge to be identical, so that no man knowingly does wrong. Since virtue is identical with knowledge, it can be taught, but not as a professional specialty as the Sophists had pretended to teach it. However, Socrates himself gave no final answer to how virtue can be learned.

Which of the following is TRUE about Socrates's life?

A．The legend of Socrates's wife is well-grounded.

B．Socrates is a disciple of Parmenides.

C．Socrates was not famous until he was 40.

D．Socrates didn't realize he was the wisest man in Greece at first.

A．Socrates was hanged by the rulers of Rome.

B．Socrates was calm and cheerful after he was arrested.

C．Socrates' ideas had a great influence upon the Western culture.

D．Socrates' friends and pupils did a lot to help Socrates out of prison.

Who was the first to pick out eidos?

A、Socrates

B、Plato

C、Aristotle

For decades, the television was the flagship of any consumer-electronics product line-up. In all the gadgets in the home,【M1】______ the TV held the most prominent real estate in the living room, cost the most to buy, and carry the biggest brand mark. And for【M2】______ consumer-electronics makers who manufactured them, selling TVs was a good business. As the bulky cathode-ray tube televisions of the past turned into the sleek, flat-screen televisions of today, another shift started to occur. The price competition was merciful and unrelenting since【M3】______ the televisions were hard to differentiate. Even so consumers were【M4】______ buying more televisions than ever, TV makers struggled to turn a profit. Now, another shift is taking place, and it is threatening to rob televisions their prominence—and value—in the home. With【M5】______ more people streaming or downloading video as an alternation to【M6】______ cable or satellite broadcast, more consumers are watching TV shows and movies on smartphones, tablets and laptops. The television, meanwhile, may become just another screen. "Thats a very real possibility," says Paul Gagnon, the director of North 【M8】______ American TV research for DisplaySearch, a market-research firm based in Santa Clara, Calif. When televisions end up becoming【M8】______ just another monitor, he says, " that is a low-profit, no-money business with just a handful of players." To stay ahead of changing viewing habits, television makers are pushing Web-connected televisions loading with applications.【M9】______ Web TVs count for about a quarter of all new flat-panel televisions【M10】______ this year, rising to about half of all shipments in three years, according to DisplaySearch.

【M1】

Socrates was condemned to death because he______.

A．believed in law.

B．was a philosopher.

C．published outspoken philosophical articles.

D．advocated original opinion.

Socrates was condemned to death because he______.

A．believed in law

B．was a philosopher

C．published outspoken philosophical articles

D．advocated original opinions

聽力原文： The Greek philosopher Socrates taught "the man who is master of himself is truly free". By being master of one self he meant first knowing oneself, one's faults and weak nesses and one's good points, without making any pretence, and then being able to control oneself. This knowledge of himself was what helped a man to be courageous, and the courageous man has a very important sort of freedom: freedom from fear.

Socrates himself always felt free to teach what he thought was right; however, this might make him unpopular with the powerful people in Athens. Some of the rulers in Athens did not like people to be encouraged to ask too many questions; they feared that people would begin asking questions about what their rulers were doing. So they accused Socrates of teaching young men evil things. At last they had him arrested and sentenced him to death. During the 30 days that lay between Socrates' trial and execution, his friends and pupils were allowed to spend a great deal of time with him in his prison. They were astonished to find that he was calm and cheerful and seemed to have no fear of dying. He talked to them and taught them just as he used to in the streets and market places of the city.

The Greeks' way of executing people was to make them drink a cup of deadly poison. When the poison was brought to Socrates, his friends were in tears, but Socrates took the cup quietly and drank it as if it were a glass of wine at a banquet.

(33)

A．A man who is courageous.

B．A man who knows his faults.

C．A man who knows his weakness.

D．A man who has a clear knowledge of himself.

聽力原文： The Greek philosopher Socrates taught "the man who is master of himself is truly free". By being master of oneself he meant first knowing oneself, one's faults and weak nesses and one's good points, without making any pretence, and then being able to control oneself. This knowledge of himself was what helped a man to be courageous, and the courageous man has a very important sort of freedom: freedom from fear.

Socrates himself always felt free to teach what he thought was right; however, this might make him unpopular with the powerful people in Athens. Some of the rulers in Athens did not like people to be encouraged to ask too many questions; they feared that people would begin asking questions about what their rulers were doing. So they accused Socrates of teaching young men evil things. At last they had him arrested and sentenced him to death. During the 30 days that lay between Socrates' trial and execution, his friends and pupils were allowed to spend a great deal of time with him in his prison. They were astonished to find that he was calm and cheerful and seemed to have no fear of dying. He talked to them and taught them just as he used to in the streets and market places of the city.

The Greeks' way of executing people was to make them drink a cup of deadly poison. When the poison was brought to Socrates, his friends were in tears, but Socrates took the cup quietly and drank it as if it were a glass of wine at a banquet.

(33)

A．A man w. ho is courageous.

B．A man who knows his faults.

C．A man who knows his weakness.

D．A man who has a clear knowledge of himself.

While mimicking the thought of his mentor Socrates, who conceived of forms as existing on an ethereal, heavenly and______plane, Plato also argued that forms become______in objects.

A．abstract… rational

B．condensed… ratified

C．sacrilegious… profane

D．transcendent… immanent

E．imaginative … earthbound

While mimicking the thought of his mentor Socrates, who conceived of forms as existing on an ethereal, heavenly and______plane, Plato also argued that forms become______in objects.

A．abstract… rational

B．condensed… ratified

C．sacrilegious… profane

D．transcendent… immanent

E．imaginative … earthbound